Useful Stuff

English/Chinese Bike Glossary

I can't say everything here is 100% correct.  I'm not a native speaker of Chinese.  For some of the translations, I performed a google search or a search on a web store  If I got a decent number of hits, I was comfortable with using that as the proper translation. 

Common Characters
It's good to learn these characters simply because once you know them, you don't have to worry about them. You just have to try and identify the other associated characters.  If the characters seem a bit too small try zooming in with your browser.  The shortcut is usually CTRL+ and CTRL-.  On Mac it would be Command instead of CTRL.  

English	Chinese	Pinyin	Notes/Mnemonic
Car/Vehicle	車	chē	The context indicates what kind of vehicle. So for example with the types of bikes, it's "something" + 車.
Pipe/Tube	管	guǎn	A bike is made up of a lot of tubes and thus a lot of parts of the bike use this character (i.e. head tube, top tube, down tube, etc.).
Fork	叉	chā	The character looks like a fork so it's easy to remember.  It's the same character that's used for the fork that you eat with too.
Round/Wheel	輪	lún	Usually any part of the bike that's round will have this character.
Speed	速	sù	The character in words with 'speed'.  Like single speed or 10-speed.  Good word to know when looking for specific parts for your bike.
Front/Back	前/後	qián/hòu	A lot of times the difference between two parts is simply that one is in the front and the other is in the back.

Types of Bikes

English	Chinese	Pinyin	Notes/Mnemonic
Bicycle	自行車/單車/腳踏車	zìxíngchē/dānchē/jiǎotàchē	I've heard the 1st and 3rd words used most often
Single Speed Bike	單速車	dānsùchē
Road Bike	公路車	gōnglùchē	Character for road (路) is in the middle
Mountain Bike	登山車/越野車	dēngshānchē/yuèyěchē	Character for mountain (山) is in the middle
Folding Bike	折疊式自行車/ 小折	zhédiéshì zìxíngchē/xiǎo zhé	Folding bikes are often called a 'small fold' (小折) as shorthand.
Cruiser Bike	淑女車	shūnǚchē	Translated like 'lady's bike' but is also used for a cruiser-type bike

Bike Anatomy

English	Chinese	Pinyin	Notes/Mnemonic
Head Tube	前管	qiánguǎn	Literally translated front (前) pipe (管)
Top tube	上管	shàngguǎn	Literally translated up (上) pipe (管)
Down tube	下管	xiàguǎn	Notice the character for 'down' is like 'up' inverted.
Seat tube	座管	zuò guǎn	Literally translated sit (座) pipe (管)
Seat stay	後上叉	hòushàngchā	Literally rear (後) up (上) fork (叉)
Chain stay	後叉	hòuchā
Fork crown	前叉肩蓋	qián chā jiān gài
Fork end	前叉端	qián chā duān
Dropouts	後叉端	hòu chā duān
Valve	氣嘴	qì zuǐ	Literally air/gas (氣) mouth/nozzle (嘴)
Table Cell	Table Cell	Table Cell	Table Cell

Bike Components

English	Chinese	Pinyin	Notes/Mnemonic
Stem	豎管/龍頭	shùguǎn/lóngtóu	The 2nd term seems to be used less and depending on context can actually mean 'water faucet'.
Frame	車架	chējià	I've found without any context, it can mean a few things.  If you're going to use it as a search term, I've had better luck stating the material first (i.e. 碳纖維車架/tànxiānwéi chējià/carbon frame).
Front fork	前叉	qiánchā	Translated as 'front fork', exactly the same as English
Suspension fork	避震前叉	bìzhèn qiánchā
Head set	頭碗	tóu wǎn	Literally translated as 'head bowl'
Bottom bracket	義牙	yì yá
Axle	中軸	zhōng zhóu
Bolt, Nut	螺絲，螺帽	luósī, luómào
Ball Bearing	鋼珠	gāng zhū
Tire	輪胎	lún tāi
Inner tube	內胎	nèi tāi
Rim/Wheel	輪圈	lún juān	This can also mean a rim for a car.  So depending on the context, you might need to refer to it as 自行車 輪圈 or 'bicycle rim'
Spoke	輻條	fútiáo
Spoke nipple	輻帽	fúmào
Hub	花鼓	huāgǔ
Chain ring	齒盤	chǐpán
Crank arm	曲柄	qūbǐng
Freewheel	飛輪	fēilún	Literally 'fly wheel'.  Add 單速(single speed) in the front to get a single speed freewheel.
Cassette	飛輪	fēilún	I've seen other words for this, but whenever I search for cassettes online, the word for 'freewheel' gets more results.
Chain	鍊條	liàn tiáo
Chain guard	鍊蓋	liàn gài	I've seen this used for both chain guard and chainring guard
(Front/Rear)Derailleur	(前/後)變速器	(qián/hòu)biànsùqì
Quick release skewer	輪組快拆	lún zǔ kuài chāi
Shifters	變速撥把	biànsù bōbǎ
Brake Levers	剎車把手	shāchē bǎshǒu
Seat post	座管	zuò guǎn
Saddle	座墊／鞍座	zuòdiàn／ānzuò
Brakes	煞車器	shāchē qì
Cantilever brake	吊煞	diào shā.	Translated as 'hanging brake'
Handle bar	車把手	chē bǎ shǒu	Can be abbreviated to just 'chē bǎ' (車把)
Grip Tape	握把帶	wò bǎ dài
Grips	握把	wò bǎ
Pedal	踏板/腳蹬	tàbǎn/jiǎodèng

Accessories

English	Chinese	Pinyin	Notes/Mnemonic
Reflector	反光片	fǎnguāng piàn
Fenders	擋泥板	dǎng ní bǎn	Actually means mudguard, but when put in the context of bicycles, refers to fenders.
Rack	貨架	huò jià
Kickstand	腳架/支撐	jiǎojià/zhīchēng	The first has the character for foot (腳) in it so it implies something operated by foot as opposed to the alternative, which is more of a general term for a stand.
Light	燈	dēng	General word for light.  Add context such as bicycle(自行車), LED, front(前), or rear(後) to describe it more accurately.
Lock	鎖	suǒ	General word for lock.
Pump	打氣筒	dá qì tǒng	General word for pump.
Bike Computer	自行車 碼錶	zìxíngchē mǎ biǎo	Mǎ biǎo(碼錶) is actually the word for stopwatch.  But when used in context, it refers to the bike computers that measure distance, cadence, speed, etc.

To be translated:

Just going to leave this here as a reminder of other words I currently do not have the translations to.

Components
Brake Cable
Shifting Cable
Barrel adjuster
Caliper brake
Cantilever brake
Centre-pull brake
Coaster brake
Drum brake
Disc brake
Toe clip
Toe strap
Clipless pedals

Materials

Carbon Fiber

Aluminum

Steel